Chemistry Studio
The ultimate digital lab for students. Check constants, solve gas laws, visualize pH changes, and lookup solubility rules instantly.
Avogadro's Number
Universal Gas Constant
Planck's Constant
Speed of Light
Faraday Constant
Boltzmann Constant
Gravitational Constant
Permittivity of Vac.
Permeability of Vac.
Elementary Charge
Electron Mass
Proton Mass
Beyond the Periodic Table
Chemistry isn't just about memorizing elements. It's about understanding the relationships between pressure, volume, acidity, and reactivity. Our studio tools help you visualize these invisible forces.
Mastering the Laboratory
Gas Laws
Gases seem unpredictable, but they follow strict rules. PV = nRT is the master key that connects temperature, pressure, and volume across the universe.
pH & Indicators
Acidity is invisible, which is why we use indicators like Litmus or Phenolphthalein. They act as "chemical chameleons," changing color to signal pH shifts.
Solutions
Chemistry happens in solution. Whether identifying a precipitate (Solubility Rules) or mixing a reagent (Molarity), liquid state interactions are key.
Why Constants Matter
A "Constant" in science is a number that the universe has agreed upon. If the Gravitational Constant changed slightly, stars wouldn't form. In Chemistry, the Ideal Gas Constant (R) and Avogadro's Number define the scale of reality from atoms to balloons.
Frequently Asked Questions
When do I use the Ideal Gas Law (PV=nRT)?
Use PV=nRT when you need to find a missing variable (Pressure, Volume, Moles, or Temperature) for a gas, assuming it behaves ideally. It is most accurate at high temperatures and low pressures.
Why do indicators change color at different pH levels?
Indicators are weak acids or bases that have different colors in their protonated (HIn) and deprotonated (In⁻) forms. As pH changes, the ratio of these forms shifts, causing a visible color change.
What are the Solubility Rules?
They are a set of guidelines to predict whether an ionic compound will dissolve in water. For example, 'All nitrates are soluble' and 'Most chlorides are soluble except Silver, Lead, and Mercury'.
How is Molarity different from Molality?
Molarity (M) is moles/Liter of solution, while Molality (m) is moles/kg of solvent. Molarity changes with temperature (as volume changes), but Molality stays constant.
What is the value of the Gas Constant R?
It depends on your units! Use 0.08206 if using L·atm/mol·K. Use 8.314 if using J/mol·K (standard SI units).
What is Avogadro's Number?
6.022 × 10²³. It represents the number of particles in exactly one mole of substance. It allows us to relate atomic mass units (amu) to grams.
How do I dilute a solution to a specific concentration?
Use the formula C₁V₁ = C₂V₂. Measure the initial concentration (C₁) and decide your target volume (V₂) and concentration (C₂). Solve for V₁ to see how much stock solution to use.
What is Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)?
STP is defined as 0°C (273.15 K) and 1 atm pressure. At STP, one mole of any ideal gas occupies 22.4 Liters.
Why is water called the 'Universal Solvent'?
Because of its polarity. Water molecules have a positive side (H) and a negative side (O), allowing them to surround and dissolve many ionic and polar covalent compounds.
What is a 'Strong' Acid vs a 'Weak' Acid?
Strong acids (like HCl) completely originate/dissociate in water (100% ionization). Weak acids (like Acetic Acid) only partially dissociate, setting up an equilibrium.